Pembahasan Lengkap Tentang Direct and Indirect Speech

KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................................................
DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................................................
BAB  I : Pendahuluan....................................................................................................................
A. Latar belakang..........................................................................................................
B. Rumusan masalah ...................................................................................................
C. Tujuan.......................................................................................................................
BAB II : Pembahasan....................................................................................................................
A. The Meaning of Direct-Indirect Speech....................................................................
B. Perubahan Adverb of Time(Keterangan Waktu)......................................................
C. Perubahan Auxiliaries(kata bantu)...........................................................................
D. Perubahan Pronoun.................................................................................................
E. Perubahan Tenses..................................................................................................
F. The Kinds of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech...........................................
G. Example Direct and Indirect....................................................................................
BAB III  Penutup.........................................................................................................................
A. Kesimpulan.............................................................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................................................................

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A.   Latar Belakang
Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa Internasional. Dengan menguasai bahasa Inggris dengan baik, maka kita akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia ini. Di samping itu, kita pun akan dapat menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan kita demi kemajuan bangsa dan negara kita, karena kita akan dapat membaca literatur-literatur bahasa Inggris, mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio luar negeri, serta menontong film-film ilmu pengetahuan yang lainnya. Dengan demikian, pada akhirnya kita dapat menguasai pengetahuan-pengetahuan di segala bidang.

Setiap bahasa tentunya mempunyai kaidah-kaidah atau sering kita sebut dengan istilah tata bahasanya masing-masing, begitupun dengan bahasa Inggris, banyak sekali kaidah-kaidah yang harus diperhatikan dalam penggunaannya, terutama dalam bidang writingnya. Oleh karena itu, penulis mencoba menyajikan salah satu kaidah dari sekian banyak kaidah bahasa Inggris, selain untuk memenuhi tugas sekolah juga bertujuan semoga tulisan sesingkat ini dapat menambah wawasan kita tentang bahasa Inggris. Kaidah yang kami maksud adalah direct and indirect speech. Yang pembahasannya akan dipaparkan pada bab selanjutnya.

B.      Rumusan Masalah
Dalam tulisan ini kami simpulkan beberapa yang akan kami bahas, yaitu:
~Apa yang dimaksud Direct dan indirect speech serta bagaimana contohnya?
~Apa saja pembagian direct and indirect speech serta contohnya?
~Apa saja perubahan-perubahan dalam direct dan indirect speech?

C.       Tujuan Penulisan
Dari identifikasi masalah di atas, maka penulis tentunya bertujuan untuk menjelaskan atau memaparkan point-point tersebut, sesuai dengan pengetahuan yang kami peroleh, baik dari buku sumber maupun dari guru-guru kami. Semoga semuanya memberikan manfaat bagi kita. Bila ada kesalahan tulisan atau kata-kata di dalam makalah ini, kami mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya.

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

A. THE MEANING OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.

Contoh:

Reporting verb: Tono says,

Reported words ”I’m very good at English” 

Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:

Direct Speech:

Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Past Tense

Simple Future Tense

Future Continouos Tense

Conditional

Indirect Speech:

Simple Past Tense

Past Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Future Tense/Conditional

Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)

Conditional

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,

Contoh :

He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.

B. PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:

Direct  :                                               Indirect :

Now                                        →        Then

Today                                      →        That day

Tonight                                    →        That night

This week                                →        That week

Yesterday                                →        The day before

The day before yesterday       →        Two days before

Last night                                →        The night before

Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year

A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year

Three years ago                       →        Three years before

Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day

The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day

Next week/year                       →        The following week/year

On Sunday                              →        On Sunday

Here                                        →        There

This book                                →        The book

This                                         →        That

These                                       →        Those

Over there                               →        Over there

*etc.

C. PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Can      →        Could

May     →        Might

Might  →        Might

Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)

*etc.

Contoh:

The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”

The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.

Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.

The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”

The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.

Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.

*etc.

D. PERUBAHAN PRONOUN

Direct	Indirect
I	He/she
You	Me/he/she/them/i/him/her
My	His/her
Our	Their/our
Your	My/his/her

E. PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN TENSES

No	Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
1	» Simple Present Tenses		» Simple Past Tenses
	+	S + V1(s,es) + o/c	+	S + V2 + o/c
	-	S + Do/Does + V1 + o/c	-	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c
	?	Do/Does + S + V1 + o/c	?	Did + S + V1 + o/c
	Mother said, “I go to the market today”		Mother said that she went to the market that day
2	» Present Continuous Tenses		» Past Continuous Tenses
	+	S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + V1 + Ing	+	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing
	-	S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + Not + V1 + Ing	-	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing
	?	TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + S + V1 + Ing	?	TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing
	Andi says, “I am going to school”		Andi says that he was going to school
3	» Present Perfect Tenses		» Past Perfect Tenses
	+	S + Have/Has + V3	+	S + Had + V3
	-	S + Have/Has + Not + V3	-	S + Had + Not + V3
	?	Have/Has + S + V3	?	Had + S + V3
	The Teachers said, “We have some tests for you”		The Teachers said that they had some tests for you
4	» Present Perfect Continuous Tenses		» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
	+	S + Have/Has + Been + V1 + ing	+	S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
	-	S + Have/Has + Been + Not + V1 + ing	-	S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
	?	Have/Has + S + Been + V1 + ing	?	Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
	Sherry said, “I have been reading the book		Sherry said that she had been reading the book
5	» Simple Past Tenses		» Past Pefect Tenses
	+	S + V2 + o/c	+	S + Had + V3
	-	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c	-	S + Had + Not + V3
	?	Did + S + V1 + o/c	?	Had + S + V3
	Otoosan said, “I ate that food yesterday”		Otoosan said that he had eaten those food the previous day
6	» Past Continuous Tenses		» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
	+	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing	+	S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
	-	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing	-	S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
	?	TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing	?	Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
	Kudo said, “My parents were goin to my grandma’s house last night”		Kudo said that his parents had been going to his grandma’s house the previous night
7	» Simple Future Tenses		» Past Future Tenses
	+	S + Will/Shall + V1	+	S + Would/Should + V1
	-	S + Will/Shall + Not + V1	-	S + Would/Should + Not + V1
	?	Will /Shall + S + V1	?	Would/Should + Not + V1
	Conan said, “My family will come from Japan”		Conan said that his family would go from Japan

F. THE KINDS OF DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:

1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”

He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”

He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.

Bob said, ” I’m a university student”

Bob said that he was a university student.

Catatan :

~ Jika kalimat pernyataan yang diungkapkan berkaitan dengan fakta umum seperti fenomena alam, maka tidak ada perubahan tenses dan tetap menggunakan simple present tense

Contoh :  D   My teacher said, “Water boils at 100  degree celcius.”

                            I   My teacher said that water boils at 100 degree celcius.

~ Jika kalimat pernyataan menggunakan kata “must” maka harus diubah menjadi “had to” uuntuk konteks present, dan “would have to” untuk konteks past.

            Contoh : D  He said, “I must go now.”

                           I  He said that he had to go now.

~ Jika kalimat pernyataan menyatakan hal-hal yang bersifat kekaguman, keheranan, atau seruan (exclamation), maka ungkapan “what” atau “how” yang biasa digunakan menjadi hilang.

  Contoh : D  She said, “what a good football player Najmi is!”

     I  She said that Najmi was  a good football player.

Sementara bentuk kalimat seruan yang lain tanpa menggunakan ungkapan “what” atau “how” maka perubahannya cukup mengikuti perubahan pola tenses seperti biasanya.

  Contoh : D  Zaki said to me, "Congratulations!”

     I  Zaki congratulated me.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.

He told me, “wait for me !”

He asked me to wait for him.

~Kalimat langsung yang menggunakan reporting verb seperti say/said atau tell/told biasanya diubah menjadi ask/asked, command/commanded, beg/begged, order/ordered, advice/adviced, suggest/suggested, atau warn/warned.

~Untuk kalimat perintah atau permintaan yang berbentuk kalimat positif maka digunakan pola “to infinitive (to + V1 atau to + be + adj/noun)”.

Contoh : D  My father told me, “study hard”

    I  My father asked me to study hard

~Untuk kalimat perintah/permintaan yang berbentuk kalimat negatif (larangan/prohibition) maka digunakan pola “not+to infinitive (to+v1)”.

Contoh : D  My father said to my brother, “don’t be lazy.”

    I  My father said to my brother not to be lazy.

~Untuk kalimat yang bersifat ajakan yang biasanya menggunakan kata “let’s” maka kata “let’s” tersebut dihilangkan.

Contoh : D  He said, “let’s go to the beach!”.

    I  He suggested that we should go to the beach. 

Atau bisa juga dengan pola di bawah ini :

    I  He suggested going to the beach.

She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”  Prohibition(larangan) menggunakan not to pada indirect speech; She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.

Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”

Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.

Mixed type:

Contoh:

Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”

Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

~Untuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan pola “yes or no” (tanpa “5W+1H) maka digunakan kata “if” atau “whether”, dan selanjutnya susunan kalimat tanya diubah menjadi kalimat tanya diubah menjadi kalimat pernyataan (statement) sesuai dengan perubahan pola tenses yang berlaku.

Contoh : D  I asked my newphew, “are you happy?”.

    I  I asked my newphew whether he was happy. 

G. EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

         I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

         I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

         I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

         I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

         I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

         I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

         I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

         I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

         I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.    D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

         I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

BAB III 

PENUTUP

A. KESIMPULAN

Secara umum kesimpulan yang bisa diambil dari materi direct dan indirect speech ini adalah perubahan hanya terjadi pada "pronoun, tenses, dan waktu", kecuali ada sesuatu yang membuat spesial seperti artikel di atas. Semoga bisa membantu pelajaran kalian semua, kritik, saran, dan komentar sangat ditunggu.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

http://www.jagoenglish.web.id/2011/02/reported-speech.html

Simanjuntak, Herpinus.2005.Bahasa Inggris Sistem 52M jilid 2.visipro:Jakarta

Emalia Iragiliati Lukman, M.Pd., Dra.2004.Headlight An Extensive Exposure to English Learning for SMA Students. Penerbit: Erlangga,Jakarta

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/present-perfect-continuous.html

http://klikbelajar.com/pelajaran-sekolah/pelajaran-bahasa/bahasa-inggris/belajar-bahasa-inggris-present-perfect-continous

http://rindeera.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/direct-and-indirect-speech

http://salamsemangat.wordpress.com/2011/05/27/bahasa-inggris/

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